National Lampoon's Animal House

National Lampoon's Animal House

Theatrical release poster
designed by Rick Meyerowitz
Directed by John Landis
Produced by Ivan Reitman
Matty Simmons
Written by Harold Ramis
Douglas Kenney
Chris Miller
Starring John Belushi
Tim Matheson
Peter Riegert
Karen Allen
John Vernon
Verna Bloom
Thomas Hulce
Cesare Danova
Donald Sutherland
Music by Elmer Bernstein
Cinematography Charles Correll
Editing by George Folsey, Jr.
Distributed by Universal Pictures
Release date(s) July 28, 1978
Running time 109 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget US$2.7 million
Gross revenue $141,600,000 (US)

National Lampoon's Animal House is a 1978 American comedy film directed by John Landis. The film is about a misfit group of fraternity men who challenge their college's administrators. The screenplay was adapted by Douglas Kenney, Chris Miller and Harold Ramis from stories written by Miller and published in National Lampoon magazine based on Miller's experiences in the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity at Dartmouth College, Ramis' experiences in the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity at Washington University in St. Louis, and producer Ivan Reitman's experiences at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.

Of the young lead actors only John Belushi was an established star; several of the actors, including Tom Hulce, Karen Allen, and Kevin Bacon, were early in their careers. Upon its initial release, Animal House received generally mixed reviews from critics, but Time and Roger Ebert proclaimed it one of the year's best. Filmed for $2.7 million, it is one of the most profitable movies of all time; since its initial release, Animal House has garnered an estimated return of more than $141 million in the form of video and DVDs, not including merchandising.

The film launched the gross-out genre. In 2001, the United States Library of Congress deemed Animal House "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. This film was #1 on Bravo's 100 Funniest Movies. It was number 36 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list of the 100 best American comedies. In 2008, Empire magazine selected Animal House as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.

Contents

Plot

Two freshmen, Larry Kroger (Thomas Hulce) and Kent Dorfman (Stephen Furst), seek to join a fraternity at Faber College in 1962. They visit the prestigious Omega Theta Pi House's invitational party but are unwelcome. They then try next door at the Delta Tau Chi House ("I hear it's the worst house on campus"), where Kent's brother was once a member. They meet John "Bluto" Blutarsky (John Belushi), urinating outside the building. The Deltas "need the dues" and permit Larry and Kent to pledge. They receive the fraternity names "Pinto" (Larry) and "Flounder" (Kent).

Dean Vernon Wormer (John Vernon) wants to remove the Delta fraternity from campus due to repeated conduct violations. Since they are already on probation, he puts the Deltas on "Double Secret Probation" and orders the clean-cut Omega president Greg Marmalard (James Daughton) to find a way to get rid of the Deltas permanently.

After Omega member and ROTC cadet commander Doug Neidermeyer (Mark Metcalf) bullies cadet Flounder, Bluto and Daniel Simpson "D-Day" Day (Bruce McGill) persuade Flounder to sneak Neidermeyer's horse into Wormer's office late at night. They give him a gun and tell him to shoot it. Flounder does not know that the gun is loaded with blanks. He cannot bring himself to kill the horse and fires into the ceiling, but the noise frightens the horse so much that it dies.

In the cafeteria the next day, Bluto provokes Marmalard with his impression of a popping zit. This starts a food fight that engulfs the cafeteria. Bluto and D-Day steal the answers to an upcoming psychology test. However, the Omegas planted the exam stencil and the Deltas get every answer wrong. Their grade point averages drop so low that Wormer only needs one more incident to revoke the charter that allows them to remain on campus.

Undaunted, the Deltas organize a toga party, during which Otis Day and the Knights perform "Shout". The dean's drunken wife, Marion (Verna Bloom), attends the party at Otter's invitation and sleeps with him. Due to the party Wormer revokes the fraternity's charter, and their belongings are confiscated. To take their minds off their troubles, Otter, Boon, Flounder, and Pinto go on a road trip. Otter picks up some girls from Emily Dickinson College by pretending to be the boyfriend of Fawn Liebowitz, a girl who recently died on campus. They stop at a roadhouse because Otis Day and the Knights are performing there, not realizing that it caters to an exclusively black clientèle. The hulking patrons intimidate the guys into fleeing, leaving their frightened dates behind ("The Negroes took our dates!").

Things go from bad to worse. Boon breaks up with his girlfriend Katy (Karen Allen) after she sleeps with a professor. The Deltas' midterm grades are so poor that an ecstatic Wormer expels them all and notifies their draft boards of their eligibility. Marmalard is told that his girlfriend is having an affair with Otter, so he and fellow Omegas lure the Delta to a motel and beat him up.

Though the Deltas initially give up, Bluto rouses them with an impassioned speech ("Was it over when the Germans bombed Pearl Harbor? Hell no!"), and they decide to take revenge on Wormer and the Omegas. Using a rogue parade float, the Deltas wreak havoc on the annual homecoming parade. During the ensuing chaos, the futures of many of the main characters are revealed.

Cast

Delta Tau Chi (ΔΤΧ)

Omega Theta Pi (ΩΘΠ)

Supporting characters

Production

Origins

Animal House was the first film produced by National Lampoon, the most popular humor magazine on college campuses in the mid-1970s.[3] The periodical specialized in humor and satirized politics and popular culture. Many of the magazine’s writers were recent college graduates, hence their appeal to students all over the country. Doug Kenney was a Lampoon writer and the magazine’s first editor-in-chief. He graduated from Harvard University in 1969 and had a college experience closer to the Omegas in the film (he had been president of the university's elite Spee Club).[3] Kenney was responsible for the first appearances of two characters that would appear in the film, Larry Kroger and Mandy Pepperidge. They made their debut in National Lampoon’s High School Yearbook, a satire published in 1975.

However, Kenney felt that fellow Lampoon writer Chris Miller was the magazine's expert on the college experience.[3] Faced with an impending deadline, Miller submitted a chapter from his then-abandoned memoirs entitled "The Night of the Seven Fires" about pledging experiences from his fraternity days in Alpha Delta (associated with the national Alpha Delta Phi during Miller's undergraduate years, the fraternity subsequently disassociated itself from the national organization) at the Ivy League's Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire. The antics of his fellow fraternities became the inspiration for the Delta Tau Chis of Animal House and many characters in the film (and their nicknames) were based on Miller's fraternity brothers.[3] Miller's college nickname was "Pinto" in recognition of dark spots he had on a certain private part of his anatomy. Filmmaker Ivan Reitman had just finished producing David Cronenberg's first film, Shivers, and called the magazine’s publisher Matty Simmons about making movies under the Lampoon banner.[4] Reitman had put together The National Lampoon Show in New York City that featured several future Saturday Night Live cast members, including John Belushi. When most of them moved to that show except for Harold Ramis, Reitman approached him with an idea to make a film together using some skits from the Lampoon Show.[4]

Screenplay

Kenney met with Lampoon writer Ramis at the suggestion of Simmons. Ramis drew from his own fraternity experiences as a member of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity at Washington University in St. Louis and was working on a treatment about college entitled "Freshman Year" but the magazine’s editors were not happy with it.[3] Kenney and Ramis started working on a treatment together, positing Charles Manson in a high school, calling it Laser Orgy Girls.[4] Simmons was cool to this idea so they changed the setting to a "northeastern college . . . Ivy League kind of school."[2] Kenney was a fan of Miller’s fraternity stories and suggested using them as a basis for a movie. Kenney, Miller and Ramis began brainstorming ideas.[4] They saw the film's 1962 setting as "the last innocent year . . . of America", and the homecoming parade that ends the film as occurring on November 21, 1963, the day before the John F. Kennedy assassination.[2] They agreed that Belushi should star in it and Ramis wrote the part of Bluto specifically for the comedian, having met him at Chicago's The Second City.[5]

The writers were new to screenwriting,[2] and thus produced a 110-page treatment (the average was 15 pages) that Reitman and Simmons pitched to various Hollywood studios. Simmons met with Ned Tanen, an executive at Universal Studios. He was encouraged by younger executives Sean Daniel and Thom Mount who were more receptive to the Lampoon type of humor.[3] Tanen hated the idea. Ramis remembers, "We went further than I think Universal expected or wanted. I think they were shocked and appalled. Chris’ fraternity had virtually been a vomiting cult. And we had a lot of scenes that were almost orgies of vomit... We didn’t back off anything".[4] As the writers created more drafts of the screenplay (nine in total), the studio gradually became more receptive to the project, especially Mount, who championed it.[6] Surprisingly, the studio green-lighted the film and set the budget at a modest $3 million.[3] Simmons remembers, "They just figured, ‘Screw it, it’s a silly little movie, and we’ll make a couple of bucks if we’re lucky – let them do whatever they want.’"[4]

Casting

Initially, Reitman had wanted to direct but had only made one film, Cannibal Girls, for $5,000.[4] The film's producers approached Richard Lester and Bob Rafelson before considering John Landis, who got the director job based on his work on Kentucky Fried Movie.[6] That film’s script and continuity supervisor was the girlfriend of Sean Daniel, an assistant to Mount. Daniel saw Landis’ movie and recommended him. Landis then met with Mount, Reitman and Simmons and got the job.[4] Landis remembers, "When I was given the script, it was the funniest thing I had ever read up to that time. But it was really offensive. There was a great deal of projectile vomiting and rape and all these things".[7] There was also a certain amount of friction between Landis and the writers early on because Landis was a high-school dropout from Hollywood and they were college graduates from the East Coast. Ramis remembers, "He sort of referred immediately to Animal House as ‘my movie.’ We’d been living with it for two years and we hated that".[4] According to Landis, he drew inspiration from classic Hollywood comedies featuring the likes of Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd, and the Marx Brothers.[8]

The initial cast was to feature Chevy Chase as Otter, Bill Murray as Boon, Brian Doyle-Murray as Hoover, Dan Aykroyd as D-Day and John Belushi as Bluto, but only Belushi wanted to do it. Chase was a star from Saturday Night Live, which had recently become a cultural phenomenon.[4] His name would have added credibility to the project, but he turned the film down to do Foul Play;[4] Landis, who wanted to cast unknown[2] dramatic actors[4] such as Bacon and Allen (the first film for both) instead of famous comedians,[4] takes credit for subtly discouraging Chase by describing the film as an "ensemble".[2] The character of D-Day was based on Aykroyd, who was a motorcycle aficionado. Aykroyd was offered the part, but he was already committed to Saturday Night Live.[6] Belushi—who had worked on The National Lampoon Radio Hour before Saturday Night Live[2]—was also committed to the show, but spent Monday through Wednesday making the film and then flying back to New York to do the show on Thursday through Saturday.[5] Ramis originally wrote the role of Boon for himself, but Landis felt that he looked too old for the part and Riegert was cast instead. Landis did offer Ramis a smaller part, but he declined. Landis met with Jack Webb to play Dean Wormer and Kim Novak to play his wife. Webb ultimately backed out due to concerns over his clean-cut image, and was replaced by John Vernon.[4]

Belushi received only $35,000 for Animal House, with a bonus after it became a hit.[5] Landis also met with Meat Loaf in case Belushi did not want to play Bluto. Landis worked with Belushi on his character, who "hardly had any dialogue";[1][2] they decided that Bluto was a cross between Harpo Marx and the Cookie Monster.[2] Despite Belushi's presence, Universal wanted another star. Landis had been a crew member on Kelly's Heroes and had become friends with actor Donald Sutherland, sometimes babysitting his son Kiefer.[4] Landis asked Sutherland, one of the biggest stars of the 1970s, to be in the film. For two days' work, Sutherland initially declined $35,000. Universal then offered him $35,000 and 15% of the film's gross, assuming that the movie would be quickly forgotten. Sutherland wanted guaranteed money and settled for $50,000; although this made him the highest-paid member of the cast (other than Neidemeyer's horse[2]), the decision cost Sutherland what Landis estimates as "at least $20 million."[4]

Locations

Plaque at the site where the house used to portray the Delta House formerly stood

The filmmakers' next problem was finding a college that would let them shoot the film on their campus.[4] They submitted the script to a number of colleges and universities but "nobody wanted this movie" due to the script; according to Landis, "I couldn't find 'the look'. Every place that had 'the look' said, 'no thank you.'"[2]

The president of the University of Oregon in Eugene, William Beaty Boyd,[9] had been a senior administrator of a major California university when his campus was considered for a location of the film The Graduate.[4] After he consulted with other senior administrative colleagues who advised him to turn it down due to the lack of artistic merit, production moved to Berkeley and USC. The Graduate went on to become a classic, and Boyd was determined not to make the same mistake twice when the producers inquired about filming at Oregon. After consulting with student government leaders and officers of the Pan Hellenic Council, the Director of University Relations advised the president that the script, although raunchy and often tasteless, was a very funny spoof of college life. Boyd even allowed the filmmakers to use his office as Dean Wormer's.[4]

The actual house depicted as the Delta House was originally a residence in Eugene, the Dr. A.W. Patterson House. Around 1959, it was acquired by the Psi Deuteron chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and was their chapter house until 1967, when the chapter was closed due to low membership. The house was sold and slid into disrepair, with the spacious porch removed and the lawn graveled over. At the time of the shooting, the Phi Kappa Psi and Sigma Nu fraternity houses sat next to the old Phi Sigma Kappa house. The interior of the Sigma Nu house was used for many of the interior scenes, but the individual rooms were filmed on a soundstage. The Patterson house was demolished in 1986.[10] A suite of physicians' offices now occupies the site. A large boulder placed to the west of the parking entrance displays a bronze plaque commemorating the Delta House location. The parade scene takes place in downtown Cottage Grove, Oregon on Main Street.

Principal photography

Landis brought the actors who played the Deltas up five days early in order to bond. Staying at the Rodeway Inn they moved an old piano from the lobby into McGill's room, which became known as "party central".[4] Actor James Widdoes remembers, "It was like freshman orientation. There was a lot of getting to know each other and calling each other by our character names".[4] This tactic encouraged the actors playing the Deltas to separate themselves from the actors playing the Omegas, helping generate authentic animosity between them on camera.[4] Belushi and his wife, Judy, had a house in the suburbs in order to keep him away from alcohol and drugs.[4]

Although the cast members were warned against mixing with the college students,[2] one night, some girls invited several of the cast members to a fraternity party. They arrived assuming they had been invited and were greeted with open hostility.[4] As they were leaving, Widdoes threw a cup of beer at a group of drunk football players and a fight "like a scene from the movie"[2] broke out. Tim Matheson, Bruce McGill, Peter Riegert, and Widdoes narrowly escaped, with McGill suffering a black eye and Widdoes getting several teeth knocked out.[4]

Other than Belushi's opening yell, the food fight was filmed in one shot, with the actors encouraged to fight for real.[2] Flounder's groceries handling in the supermarket was another single shot; Furst deftly caught the many items Landis and Matheson threw at him, amazing the director.[2]

While shooting the film, Landis and Bruce McGill staged a scene for reporters visiting the set where the director pretended to be angry at the actor for being difficult on the set.[11] Landis grabbed a breakaway pitcher and smashed it over McGill's head. He fell to the ground and pretended to be unconscious. The reporters were completely fooled, and when Landis asked McGill to get up, he refused to move.[11]

Black extras had to be bused in from Portland for the segment at the Dexter Lake Club due to their scarcity around Eugene. More seriously, the segment alarmed studio executives, who perceived it as racist and warned that "'black people in America are going to rip the seats out of theaters if you leave that scene in the movie.'" Richard Pryor's approval helped retain the segment in the film.[2] The studio became more enthusiastic about the film when Reitman showed executives and sales managers of various regions in the country a 10-minute production reel that was put together in two days.[6] The reaction was positive and the studio sent 20 copies out to exhibitors.[6] The first preview screening for Animal House was held in Denver four months before it opened nationwide. The crowd loved it and the filmmakers realized they had a potential hit on their hands.[4]

Soundtrack and score

Original Motion Picture Soundtrack:
National Lampoon's Animal House
Soundtrack by various artists
Released 1978
Recorded RCA Studios, New York and Sound Factory West, Hollywood
Genre Rock and roll, R&B, film score
Length 36:23
Label MCA
Producer Kenny Vance
Professional reviews

The soundtrack is a mix of rock and roll and rhythm and blues with the original score created by film composer Elmer Bernstein, who had been a Landis family friend since John Landis was a child.[12] Bernstein was easily persuaded to score the film, but was not sure what to make of it. Landis asked him to score it as though it were serious. Bernstein said that his work on this film opened yet another door in his diverse career, to scoring comedies.[12]

Soundtrack album listing

Side one
No. Title Writer(s) Performed by Length
1. "Faber College Theme"   Elmer Bernstein Elmer Bernstein 0:24
2. "Louie, Louie"   Richard Berry John Belushi 2:55
3. "Twistin' the Night Away"   Sam Cooke Sam Cooke 2:38
4. "Tossin' and Turnin'"   Richie Adams, Malou Rene Bobby Lewis 2:15
5. "Shama Lama Ding Dong"   Mark Davis Lloyd Williams (Otis Day and the Nights) 2:55
6. "Hey Paula"   Raymound Hildebrand Paul & Paula 3:27
7. "Animal House"   Stephen Bishop Stephen Bishop 4:05
Side two
No. Title Writer(s) Performed by Length
1. "Intro"   — — 0:48
2. "Money (That's What I Want)"   Berry Gordy, Jr., Janie Bradford John Belushi 2:28
3. "Let's Dance"   Jim Lee Chris Montez 2:38[13]
4. "Dream Girl"   Stephen Bishop Stephen Bishop 4:39
5. "(What a) Wonderful World"   Sam Cooke, Herb Alpert, Lou Adler Sam Cooke 2:06
6. "Shout"   Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, O'Kelly Isley Lloyd Williams (Otis Day and the Nights) 4:23
7. "Faber College Theme"   Elmer Bernstein Elmer Bernstein 1:55

Additional music in the film

Reaction

On its opening weekend, Animal House grossed $276,538, in 12 theaters.[14] The film grossed over $1,000,000 per week, becoming the second most popular 1978 US film, trailing only Grease.[15] It made $120.1 million in North America and went on to have a domestic lifetime gross of $141.6 million.[14]

Critical reception

At the time of its release, Animal House received mixed reviews from critics[2] but several immediately recognized its appeal,[16] and it has since been recognized as one of the best films of 1978.[17][18][19][20] The film currently holds a 90% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.[21] Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and wrote, "It's anarchic, messy, and filled with energy. It assaults us. Part of the movie's impact comes from its sheer level of manic energy... But the movie's better made (and better acted) than we might at first realize. It takes skill to create this sort of comic pitch, and the movie's filled with characters that are sketched a little more absorbingly than they had to be, and acted with perception".[1] Ebert later placed the film on his 10 best list of 1978.[22] In his review for Time, Frank Rich wrote, "At its best it perfectly expresses the fears and loathings of kids who came of age in the late '60s; at its worst Animal House revels in abject silliness. The hilarious highs easily compensate for the puerile lows".[23] Gary Arnold wrote in his review for The Washington Post, "Belushi also controls a wicked array of conspiratorial expressions with the audience... He can seem irresistibly funny in repose or invest minor slapstick opportunities with a streak of genius".[24] David Ansen wrote in Newsweek, "But if Animal House lacks the inspired tastelessness of the Lampoon's High School Yearbook Parody, this is still low humor of a high order".[25] Robert Martin wrote in The Globe and Mail, "It is so gross and tasteless you feel you should be disgusted but it's hard to be offended by something that is so sidesplittingly funny".[26] Time magazine proclaimed Animal House one of the year's best.[27]

When the film was released, Landis, Widdoes and Allen went on a national promotional tour.[11] Universal Pictures spent about $4.5 million promoting the film at selected college campuses and helped students organize their own toga parties.[28][29] One such party at the University of Maryland attracted some 2,000 people, while students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison tried for a crowd of 10,000 people and a place in the Guinness Book of World Records.[29] Thanks to the film, toga parties became one of 1978's favorite college campus happenings.[5]

Spin-offs

The film inspired a short-lived half-hour ABC television sitcom, Delta House, in which Vernon reprised his role as the long-suffering, malevolent Dean Wormer. The series also included Steven Furst as Flounder, Bruce McGill as D-Day, and James Widdoes as Hoover.[30] The pilot episode was written by the film's screenwriters, Douglas Kenney, Chris Miller and Harold Ramis.[31] Michelle Pfeiffer made her acting debut in the series and Peter Fox was cast as Otter. John Belushi's character from the film, John "Bluto" Blutarsky, is in the army, but his brother, Blotto, played by Josh Mostel, transfers to Faber College to carry on Bluto's tradition.[31]

Animal House inspired Co-Ed Fever, another sitcom but without the involvement of the film's producers or cast.[30] Set in a dorm of the formerly all-female Baxter College, the pilot of Co-Ed Fever was aired by CBS on 4 February 1979, but the network canceled the series before airing any more episodes.[32] NBC also had its Animal House-inspired sitcom, Brothers and Sisters, in which three members of Crandall College's Pi Nu fraternity interact with members of the Gamma Iota sorority.[30] Like ABC's Delta House, Brothers and Sisters lasted only three months.[33]

The film's writers planned a movie sequel set in 1967 (the so-called "Summer of Love"), in which the Deltas have a reunion for Pinto's marriage in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco.[34] The only Delta to have become a hippie is Flounder, who is now called Pisces. Later, Chris Miller and John Weidman, another Lampoon writer, created a treatment for this screenplay, but Universal rejected it because the sequel to American Graffiti, which contained some hippie-1967 sequences, had not done well. When John Belushi died, the idea was indefinitely shelved.[34]

The "Double Secret Probation Edition" DVD included a short film entitled "Where Are They Now?: A Delta Alumni Update" which suggested the film had been a documentary and Landis was catching up with some of the cast (played by their original actors).

Home video

Animal House became one of the most profitable movies of all time. Since its initial release, the film has garnered an estimated return of more than $141 million in the form of video and DVDs, not including merchandising.

Animal House was released on videodisc in 1979.[35] A Collector's Edition DVD was released in 2002, with a 30-minute 1998 documentary entitled "The Yearbook - An Animal House Reunion" by producer JM Kenny with production notes, theatrical trailer, and new interviews with director Landis, stars Tim Matheson, Karen Allen, Peter Riegert, Mark Metcalf and Kevin Bacon.[36] The "Double Secret Probation Edition" DVD released in 2003 features cast members reprising their respective roles in a "Where Are They Now?" mockumentary, which posited the original film as a documentary. One major change shown in this mockumentary from the epilogue of the original film is that Bluto went on from his career in the U.S. Senate to become the President of the United States, with a voiceover on a shot of the north portico of the White House, since by then Belushi was no longer alive. This DVD also includes "Did You Know That? Universal Animated Anecdotes," a subtitle trivia track, the making of documentary from the Collector's Edition, MXPX "Shout" music video, a theatrical trailer, production notes, and cast and filmmakers biographies.[37] In August 2006, the film was released on an HD DVD/DVD combo disc, which featured the film in a 1080p high-definition format on one side, and a standard-definition format on the opposite side.[38] Along with the film Unleashed, Animal House was one of Universal's first two HD/DVD combo releases,[39] but was later discontinued in 2008 after Universal decided to switch to the Blu-ray Disc format following the conclusion of the high definition optical disc format war.[40]

Legacy

Animal House is considered to be the movie that launched the gross-out genre (although it was predated by several films now also included in the genre) inspiring countless other comedies such as Porky's, the Police Academy films, the American Pie films, and Old School among others.[2][3][8] In 2001, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally significant and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry.[41] Animal House is first on Bravo's 100 Funniest Movies.[42] In 2000, the American Film Institute ranked the film #36 on 100 Years... 100 Laughs, a list of the 100 best American comedies.[43] In 2006, Miller wrote a more comprehensive memoir of his experiences in Dartmouth's AD house in a book entitled, The Real Animal House: The Awesomely Depraved Saga of the Fraternity That Inspired the Movie, in which Miller recounts hijinks that were considered too risqué for the movie. In 2008, Empire magazine selected Animal House as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[44] The film was also selected by The New York Times as one of The 1000 Best Movies Ever Made.[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ebert, Roger (1 January 1978). "National Lampoon's Animal House". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19780101/REVIEWS/801010308/1023. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 Animal House: The Inside Story. 13 August 2008.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Peterson, Molly (July 29, 2002). "National Lampoon's Animal House". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/animalhouse/. Retrieved 2008-08-13. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 Nashawaty, Chris (July 29, 2002). "Building Animal House". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,285149,00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-31. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Schwartz, Tony (23 October 1978). "College Humor Comes Back". Newsweek: pp. 88. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Medjuck, Joe (July 1978). "The Further Adventures of Ivan Reitman". Take One. 
  7. ↑ Olson, Eric (23 October 1978). "Director, John Landis: The Dean Speaks". Digital Movie Talk. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mitchell, Elvis (25 August 2003). "Revisiting Faber College (Toga, Toga, Toga!)". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/25/movies/25ANIM.html. Retrieved 2009-04-21. 
  9. ↑ president.uoregon.edu/history/
  10. ↑ "On Film". University of Oregon Archives. October 23, 1978. http://libweb.uoregon.edu/speccoll/archives/. Retrieved 2007-08-16. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Arnold, Gary (13 August 1978). "The Madcap World of John Landis". The Washington Post: pp. H1. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kenny, J.M (1998). "The Yearbook: An Animal House Reunion". Animal House: Collector's Edition DVD (Universal Studios). 
  13. ↑ http://www.chrismontez.com/pages/discography_fr.html
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "National Lampoon's Animal House". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=animalhouse.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-10. 
  15. ↑ "All Time Top Grossing Movies". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/boxoffice/alltimegross. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 
  16. ↑ "Animal House Movie Reviews". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/animalhouse. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  17. ↑ "The Greatest Films of 1978". AMC Filmsite.org. http://www.filmsite.org/1978.html. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  18. ↑ "The 10 Best Movies of 1978". Film.com. http://www.film.com/features/story/10-best-movies-of-1978/14955431. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  19. ↑ "The Best Movies of 1978 by Rank". Films101.com. http://www.films101.com/y1978r.htm. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  20. ↑ "Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1978". IMDb.com. http://www.imdb.com/year/1978. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  21. ↑ "Animal House Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/national_lampoons_animal_house/. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  22. ↑ "Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967-present". The Chicago Sun Times. April 29, 2003. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041215/COMMENTARY/41215001/1023. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  23. ↑ Rich, Frank (14 August 1978). "School Days". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946996,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-20. 
  24. ↑ Arnold, Gary (11 August 1978). "National Lampoon's Animal House: Bringing the Beast Out of the Fraternity". The Washington Post: pp. B1. 
  25. ↑ Ansen, David (7 August 1978). "Gross Out". Newsweek: pp. 85. 
  26. ↑ Martin, Robert (5 August 1978). "Animal House - A Lampoon Zoo". The Globe and Mail. 
  27. ↑ "Year's Best". Time. 1 January 1979. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916590,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-20. 
  28. ↑ "Bed Sheets Bonanza". Time. 23 October 1978. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946118,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-20. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Darling, Lynn; Joe Calderone (26 September 1978). "TOGA! TOGA! TOGA!: The Toga Party, Popping Up on Campuses Across the Country". The Washington Post: pp. C1. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Waters, Harry F (29 January 1979). "Send in the Clones". Newsweek: pp. 85. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Shales, Tom (18 January 1979). "Bluto's Gone but His Brother's Carrying On". The Washington Post: pp. B15. 
  32. ↑ "Co-ed Fever: Episode Listings". TV.com. http://www.tv.com/co-ed-fever/show/6343/episode_listings.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=tabssh&tag=tabs;episodes. Retrieved 2008-10-10. 
  33. ↑ "Brothers and Sisters (1979): Episode Listings". TV.com. http://www.tv.com/brothers-and-sisters-1979/show/7997/episode_listings.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=tabssh&tag=tabs;episodes. Retrieved 2008-10-10. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Quindlen, Anna (5 September 1980). "Young Actor Weary of Lying About Age". New York Times. 
  35. ↑ "Disc Duel". Time. 19 February 1979. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912373,00.html. Retrieved 2009-02-23. 
  36. ↑ Wolk, Josh (4 September 1998). "House Rules". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,83682,00.html. Retrieved 2008-07-21. 
  37. ↑ Kim, Wook (5 September 2003). "National Lampoon's Animal House Double Secret Probation Edition". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,479987,00.html. Retrieved 2008-07-21. 
  38. ↑ Bracke, Peter M (7 August 2006). "National Lampoon's Animal House (HD DVD)". High-Def Digest. Internet Brands. http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/121/nationallampoonsanimalhouse.html. Retrieved 2009-05-02. 
  39. ↑ Bracke, Peter M (June 26, 2007). "Unleashed (Re-issue) (HD DVD)". High-Def Digest. Internet Brands. http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/822/unleashed_nc.html. Retrieved 2009-05-02. 
  40. ↑ Lambert, David (19 February 2008). "Site News - Universal Switching From HD DVD to Blu-ray Disc *UPDATED*". TVShowsOnDVD.com. http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Site-News-HDDVD-Discontinued/9027. Retrieved 2009-05-02. 
  41. ↑ "Films Selected to The National Film Registry, Library of Congress 1989–2006". National Film Registry. http://www.loc.gov/film/nfrchron.html. Retrieved 2007-10-10. 
  42. ↑ "Bravo's 100 Funniest Movies of All Time". listal.com. http://www.listal.com/list/bravos-100-funniest-movies-all. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  43. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs". AFI.com. http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/laughs100.pdf?docID=252. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  44. ↑ "Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire Magazine. http://www.empireonline.com/500/42.asp. Retrieved June 20, 2010. 
  45. ↑ "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. 29 April 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html. Retrieved May 19, 2010. 

External links

Films directed by John Landis
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Schlock (1973) • The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977) • National Lampoon's Animal House (1978)
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